The ABC's of ▲■●: The Bauhaus and Design Theory A Book by Ellen Lupton & J. Abbott Miller The cultivation of inherent facultiesThe basic courseIt is a little worldA universal correspondenceThe arbitrariness of the sign+4 More
Up and Down the Ladder of Abstraction An Essay by Bret Victor worrydream.com The most powerful way to gain insight into a system is by moving between levels of abstraction. Many designers do this instinctively. But it's easy to get stuck on the ground, experiencing concrete systems with no higher-level view. It's also easy to get stuck in the clouds, working entirely with abstract equations or aggregate statistics. This interactive essay presents the ladder of abstraction, a technique for thinking explicitly about these levels, so a designer can move among them consciously and confidently. From a roving viewpoint abstractionunderstandinginteraction