Why Most Published Research Findings Are False A Research Paper by John P.A. Ioannidis journals.plos.org There is increasing concern that most current published research findings are false. The probability that a research claim is true may depend on study power and bias, the number of other studies on the same question, and, importantly, the ratio of true to no relationships among the relationships probed in each scientific field. In this framework, a research finding is less likely to be true when the studies conducted in a field are smaller; when effect sizes are smaller; when there is a greater number and lesser preselection of tested relationships; where there is greater flexibility in designs, definitions, outcomes, and analytical modes; when there is greater financial and other interest and prejudice; and when more teams are involved in a scientific field in chase of statistical significance. researchsciencetruth
Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus A Book by Ludwig Wittgenstein www.gutenberg.org The totality of factsEverything that can be saidI am my worldEthics and aesthetics are oneWhereof one cannot speak
The totality of facts The world is the totality of facts, not of things. The world is determined by the facts, and by these being all the facts. For the totality of facts determines both what is the case, and also all that is not the case.
Everything that can be said Everything that can be thought at all can be thought clearly. Everything that can be said can be said clearly. What can be put into words understanding
I am my world What we cannot think, that we cannot think: we cannot therefore say what we cannot think. In fact what solipsism means is quite correct, only it cannot be said, but it shows itself. That the world is my world, shows itself in the fact that the limits of that language (the language which I understand) mean the limits of my world. I am my world. (The microcosm.) The thinking, presenting subject; there is no such thing.
Ethics and aesthetics are one Hence also there can be no ethical propositions. Propositions cannot express anything higher. It is clear that ethics cannot be expressed. Ethics is transcendental. (Ethics and aesthetics are one.)
Whereof one cannot speak My propositions are elucidatory in this way: he who understands me finally recognizes them as senseless, when he has climbed out through them, on them, over them. (He must, so to speak, throw away the ladder, after he has climbed up on it.) He must surmount these propositions; then he sees the world rightly. Whereof one cannot speak, thereof one must be silent. What can be put into words meaning