Why Most Published Research Findings Are False A Research Paper by John P.A. Ioannidis journals.plos.org There is increasing concern that most current published research findings are false. The probability that a research claim is true may depend on study power and bias, the number of other studies on the same question, and, importantly, the ratio of true to no relationships among the relationships probed in each scientific field. In this framework, a research finding is less likely to be true when the studies conducted in a field are smaller; when effect sizes are smaller; when there is a greater number and lesser preselection of tested relationships; where there is greater flexibility in designs, definitions, outcomes, and analytical modes; when there is greater financial and other interest and prejudice; and when more teams are involved in a scientific field in chase of statistical significance. researchsciencetruth
The Art of Systems Architecting A Book by Mark W. Maier & Eberhardt Rechtin www.amazon.com Complete and consistent requirements systems
Complete and consistent requirements An architect who needs complete and consistent requirements to begin work, though perhaps a brilliant builder, is not an architect. What the problem isThe heart of systems engineeringA late change in requirements is a competitive advantage architecturedesign