Infrastructure: A Guide to the Industrial Landscape A Book by Brian Hayes industrial-landscape.com Savage, hostile, and cruelNature undisturbedThe raw materials of societyThe draglineDark satanic steel+21 More The Factory Photographs infrastructuretechnologyurbanismindustrynetworks
Up and Down the Ladder of Abstraction An Essay by Bret Victor worrydream.com The most powerful way to gain insight into a system is by moving between levels of abstraction. Many designers do this instinctively. But it's easy to get stuck on the ground, experiencing concrete systems with no higher-level view. It's also easy to get stuck in the clouds, working entirely with abstract equations or aggregate statistics. This interactive essay presents the ladder of abstraction, a technique for thinking explicitly about these levels, so a designer can move among them consciously and confidently. From a roving viewpoint abstractionunderstandinginteraction