Theory of Change An Essay by Aaron Swartz www.aaronsw.com A theory of change is the opposite of a theory of action — it works backwards from the goal, in concrete steps, to figure out what you can do to achieve it. To develop a theory of change, you need to start at the end and repeatedly ask yourself, “Concretely, how does one achieve that?” changegoals
Complete and consistent requirements An architect who needs complete and consistent requirements to begin work, though perhaps a brilliant builder, is not an architect. Mark W. Maier & Eberhardt Rechtin, The Art of Systems Architecting What the problem isThe heart of systems engineeringA late change in requirements is a competitive advantage architecturedesign